Banthia Poonam, Gambhir Lokesh, Daga Dhiraj, Sharma Asha, Kapoor Neha, Agarwal R. D., Sharma Gaurav
Keywords:
Breast cancer, Metallic nanoparticles, Nanocarriers, Nanomedicine, Targeted drug delivery
Cancer incidence and mortality are increasing at a rapid rate. According to the Global Cancer Observatory, 2020 (GLOBOCAN), 10 million cancer deaths and approx 19 million new cancer cases occurred across the world. It is estimated that there will be 28.4 million cases in 2040, increasing the global cancer burden by approximately 47%. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women with approximately 2.3 million new cases per year. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous type of cancer with several intrinsic subtypes. Conventional breast cancer treatments are unable to improve patient survival rates. The therapies used cause off-target toxicity and damage healthy tissues. Advances in nanotechnology have created a novel plant-based nanoformulation to specifically target the tumor site and also act as therapeutics. It revolutionized cancer nanomedicine by developing smart metal nanoparticles and overcoming resistance to chemotherapy. Biologically synthesized nanoparticles are preferred because they are durable, economical, and environmentally friendly. Various plant extracts are used to synthesize metallic nanoparticles such as silver, gold, zinc oxides, iron oxide, etc. Secondary plant metabolites act as a reducing agent and stabilizer for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Tunable characteristics and high surface area to volume ratio of metallic nanoparticles make them potential candidate for biomedical platform. These metal and metal oxide nanostructures are accompanied or functionalized by nanocarriers and drugs molecule which make targeted drug delivery possible. This nanoassembly increases the drug stability, bioavailability, drug loading, cellular uptake and therapeutic gain. Recently, the new theranostic approach has made both diagnosis and therapy possible simultaneously. However, applying the plant based nanotherapeutic delivery approach in the future will require interdisciplinary approaches, extensive collaboration and cooperation among researchers, leading academics, pharmaceutical sectors and regulatory agencies to integrate nanopharmaceuticals into clinical practice.
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