Vegetos
(An International Journal of Plant Research & Biotechnology)
Acetic acid mitigated drought stress by maintaining osmoprotectant, regulating hormone metabolism, and increasing antioxidant defense system in soybean
*Article not assigned to an issue yet
Dawood Mona Gergis, Sadak Mervat Shamoon, El-Awadi Mohamed El-Sayed
Research Articles | Published: 23 December, 2025
First Page: 0
Last Page: 0
Views: 106
Keywords: Ethanoic acid, n Glycine max L., Water deficit, Seed quality, Yield quantity, Osmolytes, Defense system
Abstract
Drought is one of abiotic stress that caused multiple severe consequences on plants by disrupting a variety of physiological and biochemical processes. Acetic acid is an important metabolite in plants and acts as a source of energy to preserve cellular energy in plants under abiotic conditions. So, a pot experiment was done to study the effects of acetic acid foliar spraying at 10,20,30mM on soybean plants irrigated either by 90% water field capacity (WFC) or undergo moderate drought stress at 60% WFC. Results show that drought stress at 60% WFC significantly decreased all measured growth parameters, all components of photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid, IAA, seed yield quantity and quality accompanied by significant increases in growth regulators (abcisic acid, jasmonoic acid), osmolytes, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase; catalase; peroxidase), and non enzymatic antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. Meanwhile, foliar application of acetic acid boosted the growth and productivity of soybean plants grown under either drought stress (60% WFC) or irrigated with adequate quantity of water (90% WFC). It is obvious that acetic acid specially at 20mM induced drought tolerance of soybean via inducing growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, growth regulators, osmolytes, antioxidant enzymes activity, nutritive seed value, non enzymatic antioxidant, as well as scavenging ROS. It must be advised to apply acetic acid at 20 mM to induce drought tolerance of soybean plants.
References
Abdallah MB, Trupiano D, Polzella A, De Zio E, Sassi M, Scaloni A, Zarrouk M, Youssef NB, Scippa GS (2018) Unraveling physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in Olive (Olea Europaea L. cv. Chétoui) tolerance to drought and salt stresses. J Plant Physiol 220:83–95
Abdelgawad ZA, Khalafa Allah AA, Abdallah MM (2014) Impact of Methyl jasmonate on antioxidant activity and some biochemical aspects of maize plant grown under water stress condition. Agric Sci 5:1077–1088
Agati G, Azzarello E, Pollastri S, Tattini M (2012) Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance. Plant Sci 196:67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.07.014
Ahmad P, Abdel Latef AA, Hashem A, Abd Allah EF, Gucel S, Tran LS (2016) Nitric oxide mitigates salt stress by regulating levels of osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes in Chickpea. Front Plant Sci 7:347
Albalasmeh AA, Berhe AA, Ghezzehei TA (2013) New method for rapid determination of carbohydrate and total carbon concentrations using UV spectrophotometry. Carbohydr Poly 97(2):253–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.072
Allen MM, Allen DJ (2021) Acetic acid is a low cost antitranspirant that increases begonia survival under drought stress. Sci Hortic 287:110257–110264
Andersen OM, Markham KR (2005) Flavonoids: Chemistry, biochemistry and applications. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, USA
AOAC (Association of official agriculture chemists) (2000) Official methods of analysis, 17th edn. Association of official agriculture chemists, Gaithersburg
Basal O, Szabó A (2020) The combined effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilization on soybean. Agronomy 10:384. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030384
Basal O, Munkhbat U, Veres S (2024) Enhancing drought tolerance in two soybean genotypes with varied susceptibilities through foliar application of acetic acid. J Plant Growth Regul 43:1304–1315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-11184-9
Beauchamp C, Fridovich I (1971) Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 44(1):276–287
Begcy K, Walia H (2015) Drought stress delays endosperm development and mis-regulates genes associated with cytoskeleton organization and grain quality proteins in developing wheat seeds. Plant Sci 240:109–119
Bhusal N, Han SG, Yoon TM (2019) Impact of drought stress on photosynthetic response, leaf water potential, and stem Sap flow in two cultivars of bi-leader Apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh). Sci Hortic 246:535–543
Bhusal N, Lee M, Lee H, Adhikari A, Han R, Han A, Kim HS (2021) Evaluation of morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits for assessing drought resistance in eleven tree species. Sci Total Environ 779:146466
Chen JX, Wang XF (2006) Plant physiology experimental guide. Higher Education Press, Beijing, pp 55–56
Chow PS, Landhausser SM (2004) A method for routine measurements of total sugar and starch contentin Woody plant tissues. Tree Phy 24:1129–1136
Cronan JE Jr, Laporte D (2005) Tricarboxylic acid cycle and glyoxylate bypass. EcoSal Plus 1:10–1128
Cuellar-Ortiz SM, De La Paz Arrieta-Montiel M, Acosta-Gallegos J, Covarrubias AA (2008) Relationship between carbohydrate partitioning and drought resistance in common bean. Plant Cell Environ 31:1399–1409
D’Agate DM, Lake MW (2020) Presoaking seeds with vinegar improves seed development and drought tolerance in maize plants. J Emerg Invest 2(1). www.emerginginvestigators.org
Das M, Das SK, Suthar SH (2002) Composition of seed and characteristics of oil from Karingda. Int J Food Sci Technol 37:893–896. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00638.x
Dat J, Vandenabeele S, Vranova E, Van Montagu M, Inze D, Van Breusegem F (2000) Dual action of the active oxygen species during plant stress responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 57:779–795
Dawood MFA, Tahjib-Ul-Arif M, Sohag AAM, Abdel Latef AAH (2024) Role of acetic acid and nitric oxide against salinity and lithium stress in Canola (Brassica Napus L). Plants 13:51. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010051
Dornbos D, Mullen R (1992) Soybean seed protein and oil contents and fatty acid composition adjustments by drought and temperature. J Am Oil Chem Soc 69:228–231
Dubey A, Kumar A, AbdAllah EF, Hashem A, Khan ML (2018) Growing more with less: breeding and developing drought resilient soybean to improve food security. Ecol Indic 105:425–437
Elsayed E, Khater MA, Dawood MG, El-Awadi ME, Zaki FSA (2023) Formulation, characterization and impact of an ionically crosslinked hydrogel HPMC and Xanthan gum on growth traits of soybean (Glycine max L.) under irrigation levels. Egypt J Chem66(SI 131163–1180. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJCHEM.2023.203892.7818
Fan Y, Wang J, Yan M, Wang X, Du G, Li H, Li M, Si B (2024) Salt addition mitigate mortality risk and prolong survival of Robinia Pseudoacacia subjected to drought stress. Agronomy 14(3):439. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030439
Foroud N, Miindel HH, Saindon G, Ent T (1993) Effect of level and timing of moisture stress on soybean yield, protein, and oil responses. Field Crops Res 31:195–209
Ghaffari H, Tadayon MR, Razmjoo J, Bahador M, Soureshjani HK, Yuan T (2020) Impact of jasmonic acid on sugar yield and physiological traits of sugar beet in response to water deficit regimes: using Stepwise regression approach. Russ J Plant Physiol 67:482–493. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443720030097
Gharibi S, Tabatabaei BES, Saeidi G, Goli SAH (2016) Effect of drought stress on total phenolic, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant activity of Achillea species. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 178:796–809
Ghosh U, Islam M, Siddiqui M, Cao X, Khan M (2022) Proline, a multifaceted signalling molecule in plant responses to abiotic stress: Understanding the physiological mechanisms. Plant Biol 24:227–239
Guo YY, Yu HY, Yang MM, Kong DS, Zhang YJ (2018) Effect of drought stress on lipid peroxidation, osmotic adjustment and antioxidant enzyme activity of leaves and roots of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. Seedling. Russ J Plant Physiol 65(2):244–250
Gusmiaty M, Restu A, Payangan RY (2019) Production of IAA (indole acetic acid) of the rhizosphere fungus in the Suren community forest stand. IOP Conf Series: Earth Environ Sci 343:012058
Habib N, Ali Q, Ali S, Javed MT, M Z H R, Shahid MR, Abdel-Daim MM, Elkelish A, Jumah A (2020) Use of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide for better yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under water deficit conditions: growth, osmoregulation, and antioxidative defense mechanism. Plants 9:285. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9020285
Havrilyuk M, Fedorenko V, Ulianych O, Kucher I, Yatsenko V, Vorobiova N (2021) O Effect of superabsorbent on soil moisture, productivity and some physiological and biochemical characteristics of basil. Agron Res 19(2): 394–407, 2021
Hodges DM, De Long JM, Forney C, Prange RK (1999) Improving the thiobarbaturic acid reactive substances assay for estimating lipid peroxidation in plant tissues containing anthocyanin and other interfering compounds. Planta 207:604–611
Hosseini MS, Samsampour D, Ebrahimi M, Abadía J, Khanahmadi M (2018) Effect of drought stress on growth parameters, osmolyte contents, antioxidant enzymes and glycyrrhizin synthesis in licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) grown in the field. Phytochem 156:124–134
Hu Q, Cui H, Ma C et al (2021) Lipidomic metabolism associated with acetic acid priming-induced salt tolerance in Carex rigescens. Plant Physiol Biochem 167:665–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.045
Huang D, Ou B, Prior RL (2005) The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J Agric Food Chem 53:1841–1856
Isaji S, Yoshinaga N, Teraishi M, Ogawa D, Kato E, Okumoto Y, Habu Y, Mori N (2018) Biosynthesis and accumulation of GABA in rice plants treated with acetic acid. J Pestic Sci 43(3):214–219.
Jumrani K, Bhatia VS (2018) Impact of combined stress of high temperature and water deficit on growth and seed yield of soybean. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 24:37–50
Kalsoom U, Bennett IJ, Boyce MC (2016) A Review of extraction and analysis: Methods for studying osmoregulants in plant. J Chromatogr Sep Tech 7(1): 1000315. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7064.1000315
Khan I, Iqbal M, Mahmood A, Maqbool R, Muqarrab ALI, Aslam MT, Hanif MS, Kohli SA, Negm S, Moustafa M, Chattha MU, Hassan MU (2024) Foliar applied proline and acetic acid improves growth and yield of wheat under salinity stress by improving photosynthetic pigments, physiological traits, antioxidant activities and nutrient uptake. Notulae Botanicae Horti AgrobotaniciCluj-Napoca 50(3):12820. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha50312820
Khan I, Hussan S, Chattha MU, Maqbool R, Mahmood A, Ali M, Aljabri M, Hashem M, Negm S, Moustafa M, Umair Hassan MU, Qari S (2022) Acetic acid mitigates salinity-induced toxic effects in wheat by maintaining photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant activities, ionic homeostasis, and synthesis of stress protection hormones and osmolytes. Gesunde Pflanz 75:979–992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00759-3
Khattab H (2007) Role of glutathione and polyadenylic acid on the oxidative defense systems of two different cultivars of Canola seedlings grown under saline conditions. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 1:323–334
Kudo T, To TK, Kim JM (2023) Simple and universal function of acetic acid to overcome the drought crisis. Stress Biol 3:15.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44154-023-00094-1
Kumar KB, Khan PA (1982) Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in excised ragi (Eleusine Coracana cv. PR 202) leaves during senescence. Ind J Exp Bot 20:412–416
Li Y, Chen M (2015) Novel chlorophylls and new directions in photosynthesis research. Funct Plant Biol 42:493–501
Liu F, Andersen MN, Jensen CR (2003) Loss of pod set caused by drought stress is associated with water status and ABA content of reproductive structures in soybean. FunctPlant Biol 30:271–280. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP02185
Lozovaya VV, Lygin AV, Ulanov AV, Nelson RL, Daydé J, Widholm JM (2005) Effect of temperature and soil moisture status during seed development on soybean seed isoflavone concentration and composition. Crop Sci 45:1934–1940
Mahmood U, Hussain S, Hussain S, Ali B, Ashraf U, Zamir S, Al-Robai SA, Alzahrani FO, Hano C, El-Esawi MA (2021) Morpho-physio-biochemical and molecular responses of maize hybrids to salinity and water logging during stress and recovery phase. Plants 10:1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071345
Mahmud S, Kamruzzaman M, Bhattacharyya S, Alharbi K, Abd El Moneim D, Mostofa MG (2023) Acetic acid positively modulates proline metabolism for mitigating PEG-mediated drought stress in maize and Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci 14:1167238. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1167238
Maleki A, Naderi A, Naseri R, Fathi A, Bahamin S, Maleki R (2013) Physiological performance of soybean genotypes under drought stress. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci 2(6):38–44
Manzoor H, Anjam MS, Saeed F, Rasul S, Yousaf S, Kirn A, Qureshi MK, Zafar ZU, Ashraf M, Athar HU (2022) Photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant defense potential are key players in inducing drought tolerance in Transgenic tobacco plants over-expressing AVP1. J Plant Growth Regul 41:2653–2668. https://link.springer.com/article/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-021-10464-6
Mazloom N, Khorassania R, Zohuryb GH, Emamia H, Whalenc J (2020) Lignin-based hydrogel alleviates drought stress in maize. Environ Exp Bot 175:104055
Meier S, DeSouza Campos PM, Morales A, López-Olivari R, Ortega-Klose F, Aponte H, Cartes P, Khan N, Ondrasek G, Cea P, Palma-Millanao R (2024) Evaluation and selection of bromegrass genotypes under phosphorus and water scarcity towards the development of resilient agriculture focusing on efficient resource use. Agronomy 14:121. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010121
Mertz-Henning LM, Ferreira LC, Henning FA, Mandarino JMG, Santos FD, Oliveira MS, Nepomuceno AL, Farias JRB, Neumaier N (2018) Effect of water deficit-induced at vegetative and reproductive stages on protein and oil content in soybean grains. Agronomy 8:3. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8010003
Misra V, Solomon S, Mall AK, Prajapati CP, Hashem A, Abd Allah EF, Ansari MI (2020) Morphological assessment of water stressed sugarcane: A comparison of waterlogged and drought affected crop. Saudi J Biol Scie 27:1228–1236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.02.007
Mittler R, Zandalinas SI, Fichman Y, Breusegem FV (2022) Reactive oxygen species signalling in plant stress responses. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 23:663–679. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-022-00499-2
Nakagawa ACS, Itoyama H, Ariyoshi Y, Ario N, Tomita Y, Kondo Y, Iwaya-Inoue M, Ishibashi Y (2018) Drought stress during soybean seed filling affects storage compounds through regulation of lipid and protein metabolism. Acta Physiol Plant 40:111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-018-2683-y
Nguyen TC, Jo H, Tran HA, Lee J, Lee JD, Kim JH, Seo HS, Song JT (2024) Assessment of drought responses of wild soybean accessions at different growth stages. Agronomy 14:471. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030471
Noctor G, Mhamdi A, Foyer CH (2014) The roles of reactive oxygen metabolism in drought: not so cut and dried. Plant Physiol 164:1636–1648. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.233478
Ourcut D, Nilsen ET (2000) Salinity and drought stress. In Physiology of plants under Stress. KA/PP: 177–235.Terlestkaya, N. 2000. Water stress. American Society of Plant Biologist
Ozkur O, Ozdemir F, Bor M, Turkan I (2009) Physiochemical and antioxidant responses of the perennial xerophyte Capparis ovata Desf. To drought. Environ Exp Bot 66:487–492
Ozturk M, Turkyilmaz Unal B, Garcia-Caparros P, Khursheed A, Gul A, Hasanuzzaman M (2021) Osmoregulation and its actions during the drought stress in plants. Physiol Plant 172:1321–1335. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13297
Ozturk M, Unal BT, García-Caparrós P, Khursheed A, Gul A, Hasanuzzaman M (2020) Osmoregulation and its actions during the drought stress in plants. Physiol Plant 172:1321–1335
Parida AK, Veerabathini SK, Kumari A, Agarwal PK (2016) Physiological, anatomical and metabolic implications of salt tolerance in the halophyte Salvadora persica under hydroponic culture condition. Front Plant Sci 7: 351 (2016)
Patmi YS, Pitoyo A, Solichatun S (2020) Effect of drought stress on morphological, anatomical, and physiological characteristics of Cempo Ireng cultivar mutant rice (Oryza sativa l.) strain 51 irradiated by gamma-ray. JPhysic: Conf Ser 1436:012015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1436/1/012015
Pietrocola F, Galluzzi L, Pedro JMB-S, Madeo F, Kroemer G (2015) Acetyl coenzyme A: A central metabolite and second messenger. Cell Metab 21(6):805–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.014
Posmyk MM, Bałabusta M, Wieczorek M, Sliwinska E, Janas KM (2009) Melatonin applied to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds improves germination during chilling stress. J Pineal Res 46:214–223
Rahman M, Mostofa MG, Keya SS, Rahman A, Das AK, Islam R, Abdelrahman M, Bhuiyan SU, Naznin T, Ansary MU (2021) Acetic acid improves drought acclimation in soybean: an integrative response of photosynthesis, osmoregulation, mineral uptake and antioxidant defense. Physiol Plant 172:334–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13191
Rahman MM, Keya SS, Sahu A, Gupta A, Dhingra A, Tran LS, Mostofa MG (2024) Acetic acid: a cheap but chief metabolic regulator for abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Stress Biol 4:34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44154-024-00167-9
Rahman MM, Mostofa MG, Rahman MA, Islam MR, Keya SS, Das AK, Miah MG, Kawser AQMR, Ahsan SM, Hashem A, Tabassum B, Abd Allah EF, Tran LP (2019) Acetic acid: a cost-effective agent for mitigation of seawater induced salt toxicity in mung bean. Sci Rep 9(1):15186.
Rahman M, Mostofa MG, Keya SS, Rahman A, Das AK, Islam R et al (2020) Acetic acid improves drought acclimation in soybean: an integrative response of photosynthesis, osmoregulation, mineral uptake and antioxidant defense. Physiol Plant 172:334–350.
Ramirez-Builes VH, Küsters J, Thiele E, Leal-Varon LA (2024) Boron Nutrition in Coffee Improves Drought Stress Resistance and, Together with Calcium, Improves Long-Term Productivity and Seed Composition. Agronomy 2024, 14(3), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030474
Rasheed S, Bashir K, Kim JM, Ando M, Tanaka M, Seki M (2018) The modulation of acetic acid pathway genes in Arabidopsis improves survival under drought stress. Sci Rep 8(1):7831.
Reddy AR, Chaitanya K, Jutur P, Sumithra K (2004) Deferential antioxidative responses to water stress among five mulberry (Morus Alba L.) cultivars. Environ Exp Bot 52:33–42
Ren JY, Wang J, Ai X, Zhao SL, Li RY, Jiang CJ, Zhao XH, Yin DM, Yu HQ (2022) Analysis of drought tolerance physiological response characteristics of peanut seedling under drought stress. Chin J Oil Crop Sci 44:138–146
Rima IA, Mannan MA, Mamun MAA Kamal ZU Morpho-physiological traits of soybean as affected by drought. Bangladesh Agron J 22:41–54
Sachdev S, Ansari SA, Ansari MI, Fujita M, Hasanuzzaman M (2021) Abiotic stress and reactive oxygen species: generation, signaling, and defense mechanisms. Antioxidants 10(2):277
Sairam RK, Srivastava GC (2002) Changes in in antioxidant activity in sub-cellular fractions of tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes in response to long term salt stress. Plant Sci 162:897–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00037-7
Selote DS, Bharti S, Khanna-Chopra R (2004) Drought acclimation reduces O2 – accumulation and lipid peroxidation in wheat seedlings. Biochem Biophysic Res Commun 314(3):724–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.157
Sepanlo N, Talebi R, Rokhzadi A, Mohammadi H (2014) Morphological and physiological behavior in soybean (Glycine max) genotypes to drought stress implemented at pre- and post-anthesis stages. Acta Biol Szeged 58:109–113
Shaffique S, Hussain S, Kang SM, Imran M, Injamum-Ul-Hoque M, Khan MA, Lee IJ (2023) Phytohormonal modulation of the drought stress in soybean: outlook, research progress, and cross-talk. Front Plant Sci 14:1237295. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1237295
Sharma A, Shahzad B, Rehman A, Bhardwaj R, Landi M, Zheng B (2019) Response of phenylpropanoid pathway and the role of polyphenols in plants under abiotic stress. Molecules 24:2452
Sharma A, Kumar V, Shahzad B, Ramakrishnan M, Sidhu GPS, Bali AS, Handa N, Kapoor D, Yadav P, Khanna K (2020) Photosynthetic response of plants under different abiotic stresses: a review. J Plant Growth Regul 39:509–531
Silva EC, Nogueira RJMC, Vale FHA, Melo NF, Araujo FP (2009) Water relations and organic solutes production in four Umbu tree (Spondias tuberosa) genotypes under intermittent drought. Braz J Plant Physiol 21:43–53
Soares C, Carvalho ME, Azevedo RA, Fidalgo F (2018) Plants facing oxidative challenges - a little help from the antioxidant networks. Environ Exp Bot 161:4–25
Sorrequieta A, Ferraro G, Boggio SB, Valle EM (2010) Free amino acid production during tomato fruit ripening: A focus on L-glutamate. Amino Acids 38:1523–1532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-009-0373-1
Sousa ARO, Silva EMA, Filho MAC, Costa MGC, Filho WSS, Micheli F, Maserti B, Gesteira AS (2022) Metabolic responses to drought stress and rehydration in leaves and roots of three citrus scion/rootstock combinations. Sci Horticult 292:110490.
Soystat (2008) World soybean production 2007. United Soybean Board.Available at. Verified on 10/8/2012. http://www.soystats.com/2008/Default-frames.htm
Taibi K, Taibi F, Abderrahim LA, Ennajah A, Belkhodja M, Mulet JM (2016) Effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence systems in Phaseolus vulgaris L. South Afr J Bot 105:306–312
Tang X, Liu H, Zhang W (2023) Physiological characteristics, crop growth and grain yield of twelve wheat varieties cultivated in the North China Plain. Agronomy 13:3041. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123041
Tang Y, Sun X, Wen T, Liu M, Yang M, Chen X (2017) Implications of terminal oxidase function in regulation of salicylic acid on soybean seedling photosynthetic performance under water stress.Plant Physiol Biochem 112:19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy. 2016. 11. 016
Tarafdar M, Bahadur V, Rana S, Singh RK (2022) A review: abiotic stress on transpiration, stomatal diffusive resistance and photosynthetic rate. Pharma Innov J 11:1632–1635
Utsumi Y, Utsumi C, Tanaka M, Ha CV, Takahashi S, Matsui A, Matsunaga TM, Matsunaga S, Kanno Y, Seo M, Okamoto Y, Moriya E, Seki M (2019) Acetic acid treatment enhances drought avoidance in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Front Plant Sci 10:521. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00521
Wei Y, Jin J, Jiang S, Ning S, Liu L (2018) Quantitative response of soybean development and yield to drought stress during different growth stages in the Huaibei plain. China Agron 8(7):97
Xiang DB, Peng LX, Zhao JL, Zou L, Zhao G, Song C (2013) Effect of drought stress on yield, chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). J Food Agric Environ 11:1358–1363
Xu Y, Freund D, Hegeman A, Cohen JD (2022) Metabolic signatures of Arabidopsis Thaliana abiotic stress responses elucidate patterns in stress priming, acclimation and recovery. Stress Biol 2:11.
Xu W, Cui K, Xu A, Nie L, Huang J, Peng S (2015) Drought stress condition increases root to shoot ratio via alteration of carbohydrate partitioning and enzymatic activity in rice seedlings. Acta Physiol Plant 37:9
Xuan T, Khang D (2018) Effects of exogenous application of Protocatechuic acid and vanillic acid to chlorophylls, phenolics and antioxidant enzymes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in submergence. Molecules 23:620
Author Information
Botany Department, Agriculture and Biological Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt