*Article not assigned to an issue yet
Keywords:
n Citrus germplasm, Biochemical analysis, Proximate composition, Antioxidant activity
The north-eastern region of India is regarded as the center of origin of Citrus and is known for having a rich diversity of this plant. Citrus is widely consumed throughout the world because of its high antioxidant and nutritional content. The presence of different phytochemicals and bioactive compounds makes Citrus a favourable supplement for humans. Therefore, a study was undertaken to analyze different phytochemicals, proximate and antioxidant properties of 13 different Citrus germplasms from Assam, India. The results showed Citrus reticulata (C1) possessing the highest antioxidant activities and C. maxima var. white pulp (C2) having the highest protein content (2.85%). The proximate parameters were also found to be in a good range which suggests that Citrus spp. are nutritionally important fruits. The highest phenol content of C. assamensis (C8) (2.15 µg/ml GAE) is an indication of having a good source of antioxidants. In terms of biochemical properties, C. jambhiri (C6) was found to possess the highest saponin (1.93%) and tannin (1.24 mg/g) content. The result of the ANOVA with Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05) showed a significant difference among the different proximate and biochemical parameters of the Citrus spp. The GC-MS analysis exhibited 34 significant compounds having metabolic and medicinal properties. Limonene, one of the most important compounds with anticancer activities, was found to be present in the petroleum ether extract of C. aurantifolia (C10). This study disclosed different nutritionally and industrially valuable properties of Citrus fruits that can be utilized for the improvement of future research programs for the betterment of mankind.
(*Only SPR Members can get full access. Click Here to Apply and get access)
AOAC (1990) Official Methods of Analysis, 15th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington, DC
Adeyemi OS, Oladiji AT (2009) Compositional changes in banana (Musa sp.) fruits during ripening. Afr J Biotechnol 8(5):858–859
Ahmad I, Mehmood Z, Mohammad F (1998) Screening of some indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties. J Ethnopharmacol 62(2):183–193
Bhattacharya SC, Dutta S (1956) Classification of Citrus fruits of Assam. Sc. Monogr. 20. ICAR, New Delhi
Bruneton J (1995) Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, medicinal plants. Lavoisier publishing, France
Etebu E, Arikekpar I (2016) Antibiotics: classification and mechanisms of action with emphasis on molecular perspectives. Int J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol Res 4(2016):90–101
Ezejiofor TLN, Eke NV, Okechukwu RI, Nwoguikpe RN, Duru CM (2011) Waste to wealth: industrial raw materials potential of peels of nigerian sweet orange (Citrus reticulata). Afr J Biotechnol 10(33):6257–6264
Harborne JB (1973) Phenolic compounds. Phytochemical methods. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 33–88
Hazarika TK (2012) Citrus genetic diversity of north-east India, their distribution, ecogeography and ecobiology. Genet Resour Crop Evol 59:1267–1280
Hedge JE, Hofreiter BT (1962). In: Whistler RL, Be JN, Miller (eds) Methods in Carbohydrate chemistry, vol 17. Academic Press, New York, p 16
Jayaprakasha GK, Singh RP, Sakariah KK (2001) Antioxidant activity of grape seed (Vitis vinifera) extracts on peroxidation models in vitro. Food Chem 73(3):285–290
Jerang A, Kumari S, Borthakur M, Ahmed S (2022) Anatomical and physiological responses of Citrus megaloxycarpa Lush.: a cryptic species of Northeast India. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194(1):382–394
John I, Muthukumar K, Arunagiri A (2017) A review on the potential of citrus waste for D-Limonene, pectin, and bioethanol production. Int J Green Energy 14(7):599–612
Karaman I, Şahin F, Güllüce M, Öǧütçü H, Şengül M, Adıgüzel A (2003) Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Juniperus oxycedrus L. J Ethnopharmacol 85(2–3):231–235
Lahkar L, Hazarika G, Tanti B (2020) Proximate composition, physicochemical and antioxidant properties revealed the potentiality of traditional aromatic (Joha) rice as functional food. Vegetos 33:40–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-019-00076-7
Lapshina LA, Reunov AV, Nagorskaya VP, Shestak OP, Novikov VL (2013) Effect of cyclopentene β, β′-triketone disodium salt on the activity of hydrolases and the state of tobacco mosaic virus particles in tobacco leaves. Appl Biochem Microbiol 49:59–63
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265
Mabberley DJ (1997) A classification for edible Citrus (Rutaceae). Telopea 7(2):167–172
Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB (2006) Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 84(2):274–288
McDonald S, Prenzler PD, Antolovich M, Robards K (2001) Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food Chem 73(1):73–84
Mehl F, Marti G, Boccard J, Debrus B, Merle P, Delor E, Rudaz S (2014) Differentiation of lemon essential oil based on volatile and non-volatile fractions with various analytical techniques: a metabolomic approach. Food Chem 143:325–335
Nabavi SM, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Nabavi SF, Hamidinia A, Bekhradnia AR (2008) Determination of antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoids content of Parrotia persica Mey. Pharmacol Online 2(9):560–567
Nair KN, Nayar MP (1997) Rutaceae. Flora of India 4:229–407
Nesi N, Jond C, Debeaujon I, Caboche M, Lepiniec M (2001) The Arabidopsis TT2 gene encodes an R2R3 MYB domain protein that acts as a key determinant for proanthocyanidin accumulation in developing seed. Plant Cell 13(9):2099–2114
Odebiyi OO, Sofowora EA (1978) Phytochemical screening of nigerian medicinal plants II. Lloydia 41(3):234–246
Ogukwe CE, Oguzie EE, Unaegbu C, Okolue BN (2004) Phytochemical screening on the leaves of Sansevieria trifasciata. J Chem Soc Nigeria 29(1):8–9
Okwu DE, Morah FN (2004) Mineral and nutritive value of Dennettia tripetala fruits. Fruits 59(6):437–442
Ollitrault P, Curk F, Krueger R (2020) Citrus taxonomy. The genus citrus. Woodhead Publishing, UK
Pathak P, Baishya B, Dutta S (2021) Study on leaf morphology of rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush). J Pharma and Phytochem 10(1):1986–1987
Peri C, Pompei C (1971) Estimation of different phenolic groups in vegetable extracts. Phytochem 10(9):2187–2189
Rapisarda A, Uranchimeg B, Scudiero DA, Selby M, Sausville EA, Shoemaker RH, Melillo G (2002) Identification of small molecule inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 transcriptional activation pathway. Cancer Res 62(15):4316–4324
Roghini R, Vijayalakshmi K (2018) Phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of flavonoids and minerals in ethanolic extract of Citrus paradisi. Int J Pharm Sci Res 9(11):4859–4864
Rohini MR, Sankaran M, Rajkumar S, Prakash K, Gaikwad A, Chaudhury R, Malik SK (2020) Morphological characterization and analysis of genetic diversity and population structure in Citrus × jambhiri lush. Using SSR markers.Genet Resour. Crop Evol 67(5):1259–1275
Roy Y, Banville H, Albuquerque I, Gramfort A, Falk TH, Faubert J (2019) Deep learning-based electroencephalography analysis: a systematic review. J Neural Eng 16(5):1741–2552
Shah A, Wu X, Ullah A, Fahad S, Muhammad R, Yan L, Jiang C (2017) Deficiency and toxicity of boron: alterations in growth, oxidative damage and uptake by citrange orange plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 145:575–582
Sharifirad G, Entezari MH, Kamran A, Azadbakht L (2009) The effectiveness of nutritional education on the knowledge of diabetic patients using the health belief model. J Res Med Sci 14(1):1–6
Sharma BD, Hore DK, Gupta SG (2004) Genetic resources of Citrus of north-eastern India and their potential use. Gen res and crop Evol 51:411–418
Suman T, Chakkaravarthi K, Elangomathavan R (2013) Phyto-chemical profiling of Cleistanthus collinus leaf extracts using GC-MS analysis. Res J Pharm Tech 6(11):1173–1177
Trease GE, Evans WC (1996) Phenols and phenolic glycosides. In: Trease and Evans pharmacognosy and Bailliere Tindall London pp 832
Authors are thankful to the DST-FIST, GoI of the Department of Botany and Gauhati University for providing infrastructure facilities.