Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photocytotoxicity of Clinacanthus nutans leaf extracts

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Print ISSN : 0970-4078.
Online ISSN : 2229-4473.
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Doi: 10.1007/s42535-023-00731-0
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Keywords: n Clinacanthus nutansn , Phytochemical screening, Antioxidant activity, PDT treatment, Photocytotoxicity


Abstract


Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau (C. nutans) is renowned in many tropical countries for its wide range of traditional uses and medicinal properties. This study qualitatively screened ethanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate (EA) leaf extracts of C. nutans for phytochemicals and evaluated their antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Furthermore, the photocytotoxicity of the extracts against the A431 human skin squamous carcinoma cells was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Qualitative phytochemicals screening revealed the presence of terpenes, alkaloids, phenols, quinones, and chlorophyll, whereas flavonoids and anthraquinones were absent in all crude extracts. In the DPPH assay, the EA crude extract exhibited the lowest EC50 value of 31 ± 2 μg/mL, whereas the same extract demonstrated the highest FRAP value of 7.42 ± 1.87 mmol Fe2+/g DW. After photodynamic therapy (PDT) activation, EA crude extract demonstrated the strongest photocytotoxic activity against A431 cells with an IC50 value of 8 ± 1 μg/mL, followed by the hexane crude extract (IC50 = 16 ± 2 μg/mL) and the ethanol crude extract (IC50 = 20 ± 1 μg/mL). However, all three crude extracts showed negligible activity against the A431 cells in the absence of PDT treatment, even at concentrations as high as 200 μg/mL after 24 h of dark incubation. These findings suggest that C. nutans could serve as a potential source of natural antioxidants and photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment.


n              Clinacanthus nutansn            , Phytochemical screening, Antioxidant activity, PDT treatment, Photocytotoxicity


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Acknowledgements



Author Information


Chen Chee-Shien
Department of Physical Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Loke Chui-Fung
Research & Development and Commercialization, Tunku Abdul Rahman University Management and Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


Poh Tze-Ven
Department of Computer Science and Embedded Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Tunku Abdul Rahman University Management and Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


Tan Siow-Ping
Department of Physical Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

tansp@tarc.edu.my