Assessment of the inhibitory activity of hydroalcoholic extract from Anacardium occidentale L. leaves against Brugia malayi hexokinase, a promising target for the development of anti-filarial drug

*Article not assigned to an issue yet

, , , , , ,


Research Articles | Published:

Print ISSN : 0970-4078.
Online ISSN : 2229-4473.
Website:www.vegetosindia.org
Pub Email: contact@vegetosindia.org
Doi: 10.1007/s42535-024-00837-z
First Page: 0
Last Page: 0
Views: 829


Keywords: n BmHk, GC-FID, n Anacardium occidentalen , Anti-filarial activity


Abstract


Globally, lymphatic filariasis poses a hazard to 859 million people in 50 nations. Because of its severity, the majority of medications that are now on the market are microfilaricidal, meaning that they do not effectively kill the adult parasites, which continue to create microfilariae. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a plant-based macrofilaricidal drug. The inhibitory activity of various solvent extracts of leaves of Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) was tested against the recombinant hexokinase of B. malayi (BmHk). BmHK, an enzyme of the glycolytic pathway that plays a vital key in the replication/survival of filarial parasites and hence was chosen as a target. A preliminary phytochemical test and GC-FID analysis of the extract were carried out. The hydroalcoholic extract of A. occidentale showed the highest inhibition (65.80 ± 1.60%) of activity of BmHk, compared to other extracts, which showed less than 50% inhibition. The present study showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of A. occidentale has inhibitory activity against BmHk and can be explored further for developing the herbal-based anti-filarial drug.


n                     BmHk, GC-FID, n                     Anacardium occidentalen                  , Anti-filarial activity


*Get Access

(*Only SPR Members can get full access. Click Here to Apply and get access)

Advertisement

References


Adu Mensah D, Debrah LB, Gyamfi PA, Rahamani AA, Opoku VS, Boateng J, Obeng P, Osei-Mensah J, Kroidl I, Klarmann-Schulz U, Hoerauf A, Debrah AY (2022) Occurrence of lymphatic filariasis infection after 15 years of mass drug administration in two hotspot districts in the Upper East Region of Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(8):e0010129. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010129


Alagarasu K, Patil P, Kaushik M, Chowdhury D, Joshi RK, Hegde HV, Kakade MB, Hoti SL, Cherian S, Parashar D (2022) In vitro antiviral activity of potential medicinal plant extracts against dengue and Chikungunya viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12:866452. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.866452


Alvarenga TA, de Oliveira PF, de Souza JM, Tavares DC, Andrade E, Silva ML, Cunha WR, Groppo M, Januário AH, Magalhães LG, Pauletti PM (2016) Schistosomicidal Activity of Alkyl-phenols from the Cashew Anacardium occidentale against Schistosoma mansoni Adult worms. J Agric Food Chem 64(46):8821–8827. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04200


Armstrong GL, Hollingsworth J, Morris JG Jr (1996) Emerging foodborne pathogens: Escherichia coli O157:H7 as a model of entry of a new pathogen into the food supply of the developed world. Epidemiol Rev 18(1):29–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017914


Matutino Bastos T, Mannochio Russo H, Silvio Moretti N, Schenkman S, Marcourt L, Gupta MP, Wolfender JL, Ferreira Queiroz E, Botelho Pereira Soares M (2019) Botelho Pereira Soares M. Chemical constituents of Anacardium occidentale as inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi Sirtuins. Molecules. 24(7):1299. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071299. PMID: 30987092


Bouazzi S, El Mokni R, Nakbi H, Dhaouadi H, Joshi RK, Hammami S (2020) Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils and hexane extract of Onopordum arenarium from Tunisia. J Chromatogr Sci 58(4):287–293. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmz113


Bradford M (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72(1–2):248–254. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1976.9999


Carvalho ALN, Annoni R, Silva PRP, Borelli P, Fock RA, Trevisan MTS, Mauad T (2011) Acute, subacute toxicity and mutagenic effects of anacardic acids from cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) In mice. J Ethnopharmacol 135(3):730–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.002


Chen T, Yu J, Tang Z, Xie Z, Lin Z, Sun H, Wan S, Li X, Huang Y, Yu X, Xu J (2015) Advanced enzymology, expression profile and immune response of Clonorchis sinensis hexokinase show its application potential for prevention and control of clonorchiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(3):e0003641. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003641


Cheuka PM, Mayoka G, Mutai P, Chibale K (2016) The role of natural products in drug discovery and development against neglected tropical diseases. Molecules 22(1):58. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22010058


Davis MI, Patrick SL, Blanding WM, Dwivedi V, Suryadi J, Golden JE, Coussens NP, Lee OW, Shen M, Boxer MB, Hall MD, Sharlow ER, Drew ME, Morris JC (2016) Identification of novel Plasmodium falciparum hexokinase inhibitors with antiparasitic activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60(10):6023–6033. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00914-16


de Souza DK, Otchere J, Ahorlu CS, Adu-Amankwah S, Larbi IA, Dumashie E, McCarthy FA, King SA, Otoo S, Osabutey D, Osei JHN, Sedzro KM, Asiedu O, Dadzie SK, Ayi I, Marfo B, Biritwum N-K, Boakye DA (2018) Low microfilaremia levels in three districts in coastal Ghana with at least 16 years of mass drug administration and persistent transmission of lymphatic filariasis. Trop Med Infect Dis 3(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3040105





Ha TJ, Kubo I (2005) Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of anacardic acids. J Agric Food Chem 53(11):4350–4354. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048184e


Harris MT, Walker DM, Drew ME, Mitchell WG, Dao K, Schroeder CE, Flaherty DP, Weiner WS, Golden JE, Morris JC (2013) Interrogating a hexokinase-selected small-molecule Colletion oflibrary for inhibitors of Plasmodium Falciparum hexokinase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57(8):3731–3737. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00662-13


Jaiswal YS, Tatke PA, Gabhe SY, Vaidya AB (2017) Antidiabetic activity of extracts of Anacardium occidentale Linn. Leaves on n -streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Tradit Complement Med 7(4):421–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.11.007


Joshi RK (2021) Chemical constituents of the volatiles of stem with leaf and flower of Neanotis lancifolia (Hook.f.) W.H.Lewis growing plateau region of western ghats, India. Nat Prod Res 35(7):1232–1234. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1644510


Joshi RK (2022) GC-MS and GC-FID analysis of volatile secondary metabolites of the root of Anaphalis contorta Hook F. from India. Bull Chem Soc Ethiop 36(1):235–240. https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i1.19


Kubo I, Kinst-Hori I, Yokokawa Y (1994) Tyrosinase inhibitors from Anacardium occidentale fruits. J Nat Prod 57(4):545–551. https://doi.org/10.1021/np50106a021


Kubo I, Komatsu S, Ochi M (1986) Molluscicides from the cashew Anacardium occidentale and their large-scale isolation. J Agric Food Chem 34(6):970–973. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00072a010


Lee KW, Shalaby KA, Thakur A, Medhat AM, Karim AM, LoVerde PT (1995) Cloning of the gene for phosphoglycerate kinase from Schistosoma mansoni and characterization of its gene product. Mol Biochem Parasitol 71(2):221–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-6851(95)91598-o


Marino M, Del Bo’ C, Martini D, Porrini M, Riso P (2020) A review of registered clinical trials on dietary (poly)phenols: past efforts and possible future directions. Foods 9(11):1606. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111606


Mathew N, Srinivasan L, Karunan T, Ayyanar E, Muthuswamy K (2011) Studies on filarial GST as a target for antifilarial drug development- in silico and in vitro inhibition of filarial GST by substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones. J Mol Model 17(10):2651–2657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-010-0952-9


Morais TC, Pinto NB, Carvalho KMMB, Rios JB, Ricardo NMPS, Trevisan MTS, Rao VS, Santos FA (2010) Protective effect of anacardic acids from cashew (Anacardium occidentale) on ethanol-induced gastric damage in mice. Chem Biol Interact 183(1):264–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2009.10.008





Ndjonka D, Djafsia B, Liebau E (2018) Review on medicinal plants and natural compounds as anti-Onchocerca agents. Parasitol Res 117(9):2697–2713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-6003-7


Paily KP, Hoti SL, Das PK (2009) A review of the complexity of biology of lymphatic filarial parasites. J Parasit Dis 33(1–2):3–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-009-0005-4


Rao RU, Samarasekera SD, Nagodavithana KC, Goss CW, Punchihewa MW, Dassanayaka TDM, Ranasinghe USB, Mendis D, Weil GJ (2018) Comprehensive assessment of a hotspot with persistent bancroftian filariasis in coastal Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 99(3):735–742. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0169


Schmitt-Wrede H-P, Waldraff A, Krücken J, Harder A, Wunderlich F (1999) Characterization of a hexokinase encoding cDNA of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus Contortus 1The nucleotide sequence in this paper has been submitted to the EMBL Nucleotide sequence database under the accession number AJ009635. 1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Struct Expression 1444(3):439–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00009-3


Schultz DJ, Olsen C, Cobbs GA, Stolowich NJ, Parrott MM (2006) Bioactivity of anacardic acid against colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larvae. J Agric Food Chem 54(20):7522–7529. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf061481u


Shoemaker CB, Reynolds SR, Wei G, Tielens AG, Harn DA (1995) Schistosoma mansoni hexokinase: cDNA cloning and immunogenicity studies. Exp Parasitol 80(1):36–45. https://doi.org/10.1006/expr.1995.1005


Singh AR, Joshi S, Arya R, Kayastha AM, Srivastava KK, Tripathi LM, Saxena JK (2008) Molecular cloning and characterization of Brugia malayi hexokinase. Parasitol Int 57(3):354–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2008.03.004


Subramanian S, Jambulingam P, Chu BK, Sadanandane C, Vasuki V, Srividya A, Mohideen AbdulKader MS, Krishnamoorthy K, Raju HK, Laney SJ, Williams SA, Henderson RH (2017) Application of a household-based molecular xenomonitoring strategy to evaluate the lymphatic filariasis elimination program in Tamil Nadu, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(4):e0005519. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005519


Sun Y, Jiang X, Chen S, Price BD (2006) Inhibition of histone acetyltransferase activity by anacardic acid sensitizes tumor cells to ionizing radiation. FEBS Lett 580(18):4353–4356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2006.06.092


Tielens AG, van den Heuvel JM, van Mazijk HJ, Wilson JE, Shoemaker CB (1994) The 50-kDa glucose 6-phosphate-sensitive hexokinase of Schistosoma mansoni. J Biol Chem 269(40):24736–24741. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31453-9


Wattanathorn J, Wannanon P, Muchimapura S, Thukham-Mee W, Tong-Un T, Polyiam P (2019) Toxicity evaluation of Anacardium occidentale, the potential aphrodisiac Herb. Biomed Res Int 2019:1459141. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/145914







 


Acknowledgements


We thank the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi for providing Women Scientist fellowship (SR/WOS-A/LS-456/2016) is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank Mr. B. Vijayakumar, Technical Assistant, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry for his help in statistical analysis.


Author Information


Kaushik Meenakshi
Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases and Translation Research, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, India

Hoti Sugeerappa L.
Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases and Translation Research, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, India
slhoti@yahoo.com

Saxena Jitendra K.
Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India


Joshi Rajesh K.
Department of Natural Product Chemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, India

joshirk_natprod@yahoo.com
Singh Ishwar
Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases and Translation Research, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, India

Metgud Sharada
Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Belagavi, India

Hegde Harsha V.
Department of Ethnomedicine, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, India