Vegetos
(An International Journal of Plant Research & Biotechnology)
(eISSN: 2229-4473)
Analytical quality by design (AQbD)-based approach to develop an extraction method for high recovery of Lupeol from Vernonia cinerea followed by discriminating analysis for geographical variation
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Dahiya Jyoti, Bolleddu Rajesh, Mangal Anupam K., Abdullah Salik, Bhardwaj Yashpal, Arya Jagdish, Walson Vishnu, Babu Gajji
Research Articles | Published: 18 June, 2026
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Keywords: n Vernonia cinerean , Quality by design (QbD), One factor at a time (OFAT), Central composite rotatable design (CCRD), Design of experiment (DoE), Response surface methodology (RSM), TLC-densitometry
Abstract
Preparation of extract is an essential initial step in recovering bio-active components from medicinal plants. The separation of bio-molecules depends on numerous factors, and minor alterations in the values of these factors could affect the extraction. Consequently, it becomes vital to check the effect of all parameters errorlessly. This study also includes a discriminating analysis to select the best raw material with high lupeol content, triterpenoid content and antioxidant activity. Quality by design is emerging as a systematic approach for developing a process with quality output. In the present work, analytical quality by design was used to develop, optimize, and validate a process of extraction for Vernonia cinerea whole plant following single-factor studies and response surface methodology. Here, a validated TLC-densitometry method was utilized to check the content of the quantitative analytical marker Lupeol. The studies showed that two variables, ethanol %, and solvent volume affects the extraction procedure independently. These were selected and their effect was further optimized by Central composite rota-table Design (CCRD). ANOVA was used to check the model’s fitness based on regression coefficients and other quality assessment parameters. The generated information recommends the usage of 50 mL/g of 80% ethanol for 30 min (× 2 cycles of reflux) with desirability of 0.927 for maximum extraction of Lupeol by reflux method. The developed extraction protocol could be helpful for all the future extraction processes involved in plant standardization and manufacturing of herbal formulations of Vernonia cinerea (Sahadevi). Furthermore, samples collected from plain areas contain a higher amount of bioactive with biological activity than high altitude samples.
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Author Information
Department of Pharmacognosy, Central Ayurveda Research Institute, CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH, Kolkata, India